Human Brain Organoids for Studying General Anesthetic Mechanisms: Developmental Vulnerability, Cellular Stress, and Translational Perspectives
Curr Mol Med. 2026 Oct 12. doi: 10.2174/0115665240521640261009075041. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT General anesthetics are indispensable for surgical procedures, procedural sedation, and intensive care, but their mechanisms of action in the human brain are not fully understood. Classical biochemical approaches have delineated key targets of general anesthetics, such as GABAA and NMDA receptors, ion […]
Glucosamine and selenium differentially regulate glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial function during glutamate stress in retinal neural cells
Free Radic Biol Med. 2026 Oct 13:S0891-5849(26)01222-0. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2026.10.031. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Glutamate can disrupt cystine-dependent glutathione metabolism and promote oxidative and mitochondrial dysfunction in neural cells. We integrated human multiple-sclerosis optic-chiasm transcriptomics (GSE100297), glutamate-treated primary-neuron RNA sequencing (GSE255041), R28 differential-expression summaries, a normal human optic-nerve single-nucleus atlas (GSE236566), and R28 retinal precursor-cell […]
Heavy-metal exposure and ocular diseases: A systematic review integrating exposure biomarkers and mechanistic insights
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2026 Oct 7;98:127967. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2026.127967. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic, are persistent environmental contaminants whose accumulation in ocular tissues represents an underrecognized pathway to visual impairment. This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 2015 to 2026 on the sources, transport, fate, and toxicological […]
Retinal organoid-based evaluation of icariin-loaded extracellular vesicles for hypoxia-induced retinal injury via mitochondrial modulation
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2026 Sep 28;14:1891491. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2026.1891491. eCollection 2026. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Hypoxic injury is a critical pathological factor in various retinal degenerative diseases, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and irreversible loss of retinal neurons. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of Icariin-loaded extracellular vesicles (EV_ICA) using both R28 retinal progenitor cells and human embryonic […]
Genetic susceptibility and neuroprotective gene therapy of normal tension glaucoma: a review
Front Med (Lausanne). 2026 Sep 28;13:1950490. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1950490. eCollection 2026. ABSTRACT Normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) is a distinct form of glaucomatous optic neuropathy characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and visual field loss despite intraocular pressure (IOP) remaining within the statistically normal range. Although IOP reduction remains the only established disease-modifying strategy, continued disease […]
Mitochondrial Protection and Neural Repair via ROS-Responsive Biomimetic Nanoparticles in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2026 Oct 11:e78075. doi: 10.1002/advs.78075. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced secondary brain injury is driven in part by oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuronal loss. Here, we developed a brain endothelial cell membrane-coated ROS-responsive biomimetic nanoplatform (NP@D+M) for co-delivery of the VDAC1 inhibitor DIDS and the […]
SIRT1 alleviates hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and scleral remodeling in scleral fibroblasts by regulating AMPK via FOXO1
Cell Signal. 2026 Oct 9:112941. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112941. Online ahead of print. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Myopia is a globally prevalent refractive error. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) may be involved in myopia progression, but the specific underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of SIRT1 in myopia and elucidate its underlying […]
Multi‑target mechanisms of paeoniflorin in inflammatory regulation: A network pharmacology (Review)
Int J Mol Med. 2026 Dec;58(6):339. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.6010. Epub 2026 Oct 9. ABSTRACT Paeoniflorin (PF), a monoterpene glycoside from Paeonia roots, shows low toxicity and broad anti‑inflammatory activity. A systematic review (PubMed, through 2025) with network pharmacology indicates that PF restores mitochondrial function, raises anti‑inflammatory mediators (IL‑10 and arginase‑1), reduces TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6, and […]
Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in retinal neurodegenerative diseases: redox homeostasis, cytoprotection, and therapeutic perspectives
Front Med (Lausanne). 2026 Sep 21;13:1910230. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1910230. eCollection 2026. ABSTRACT Retinal neurodegenerative diseases (RNDs) represent a major group of disorders leading to irreversible visual impairment. Persistent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, lipid peroxidation, and disruption of neurovascular unit homeostasis are closely implicated in retinal neuronal and vascular injury. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor […]
Applications of single-cell transcriptomics in glaucoma research: from the aqueous humor outflow pathway to retinal ganglion cell neurodegeneration
Front Physiol. 2026 Sep 24;17:1953962. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1953962. eCollection 2026. ABSTRACT Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, driven by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. While genetic and environmental risk factors have been identified, the cell-type-specific mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables high-resolution analysis of cellular heterogeneity, developmental […]